Posts Tagged ‘Solar Collector’

Cut Expenses On Home Power By Doing Your Investigation On Solar Energy Options

August 6th, 2010

When talking about solar, it means by the application of power from the sun which heats your water to make it warm. It’s a system where in commonly made of solar thermal collectors, a water storing tank. It works through interconnecting of pipes and fluid system to advance the heat from the gatherer to the tank. The water can be warmed for a wide dissimilarity of uses, including business, home and industrial goals. Solar water heater conserves energy and not only that, you can also save on some finances from your electric bills. The usual examples of solar water heating is the heating of swimming pools, energy input for space heating or even cooling, and under floor heating. Solar water heater applies heat from the sun straightforwardly, not by converting it into electricity. It’s the solar collector that is placed in the movement where it will catch the most sun during day. The water is either triggered by pumped from the collector and back to the water tank by the utilization of piping. It transfers heat from the solar collector to the water and then into the water kept in the tank. That’s how solar system works when it comes to solar water heater.

Save on home power better by doing your investigation on what kinds of diy solar panels and relevant equipment are the most efficient for your kind of situation. On bounded set spaces, highly effective mono-crystalline solar cells are suggested, although you can always utilize them on larger spaces if you have the finances for them or use thin-film amorphous cells for areas with partial shading. Search for equally superior mounts, ideally those that are certified to resist cyclones and wind storms, and sine wave converter to prevent the wastage of DC electricity and guarantee full efficiency of your solar power system. But, do not be too worried about the effectiveness ratings since solar energy is practically an infinitely free source of energy. It doesn’t matter of what environmental groups and advocates will tell you, a 60-watt solar cell will produce 60-watts of AC electricity through a real sine wave inverter.

You should be more concerned about whether or not the solar energy systems you are looking into for meet the feachures they claim to have. Look for certifications from the Environmental Protection Agency or other independent establishments that attest the effectiveness and security of these products. It is important that you look around first before deciding on what brand of solar panels to buy. Compare prices and the length of warranty periods for these supplements and take your option. And although high costs do not without fail translate into high quality products, do not be cheated by inexpensive prices offered by startup alternative energy organizations. Smaller organizations can use lesser| not as great quality materials to lessen costs and permit them to match up to these competitive prices.

If you still confused about the best alternatives concerning solar kits, visit our website!

Technorati Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Should You Assemble Your Own Solar Swimming Pool Heater?

June 13th, 2010

From the operators of www.GreenLivingRocks.com — providing education regarding how to build a solar panel, solar energy, and solar pv.

Building your own solar swimming pool heater is a fantastic do-it-yourself project if you want to add solar to your home.  You will not need to buy a lot of costly equipment or tools.  And you will not need highly specialized skills.  Here is a fundamental explanation of the process and benefits so you can decide if you want to tackle it.

The project payback time can be as short as 2 years in terms of energy savings.  This is because you will be saving the cost of gas to heat your pool.  And the cost of materials for constructing a solar pool heater is lower than with most other solar projects. You will also be saving the cost of installation if you decide to go ahead and do that yourself.

You will need to obtain only a few simple components: solar collectors, piping, a controller and a diverter valve.  You will not need to build or buy a storage container, since your pool already stores the water.  And you will not need to get, build or install a circulating pump, since your solar pool heater will use your pool’s circulating pump.

Here’s a simple explanation of how the system works.  The water from the pool gets pumped into the solar collector, gets heated by the sun and gets pumped back into the pool. This is called an open loop design.  The controller allows you to choose the warmest temperature you want the pool to reach.  And the diverter valve either sends water back to the pool if it is already warm enough, or over to the collector to be heated as needed.  

The solar collector is a simple system of black polypropylene UV-resistant tubing.  The choice of materials is vital so that the tubing doesn’t break down from exposure to the sun or from exposure from the chlorine in the pool.  The correct materials will last up to 20 years.

Although it is attractive to think of doing it all yourself, including making the solar collector, it is really easier and more cost effective to buy ready made collectors for your project.  The reason is that adhesives will not stick to polypropylene, and the equipment you would need to thermal weld it would cost more than buying the ready-made collectors.  As well, experts advise against using a less expensive rubber or plastic tubing that will break down too quickly because of exposure to the sun and chlorine.

If you choose that you really want to install your solar pool heating system yourself, the easiest method is to purchase a kit.  You will still need to design measure and install your system.  And you will be able to enjoy the fruits of your efforts for years afterwards.

Technorati Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

How to Use Solar Power at Home

May 3rd, 2010

The power of the sun is what keeps our planet warm and preserves life so it is only natural to try and use it at home to provide heat and energy.

Doesn’t it seem strange to consume coal to generate steam to power a turbine that produces electrical power and then send it via cables and transformers over large distances to eventually reach our homes when the sun is shining outside our door?

Of course it’s not so easy to generate electricity cheaply from the sun since solar cells are expensive because they are made from large silicon wafers. However, what is easy to do is to harness the energy from the suns rays. This makes a lot of sense than using electricity that we get from solar power to produce heat.

To obtain heat, we need a solar collector of some kind. This might be a panel, a double-glazed window unit, a vacuum tube or a mirror assembly.

The window is an easy option where a room facing South gathers heat from the sun to warm that part of the house. The double-glazing provides little resistance to the incoming light but forms an insulating layer of air to keep the heat inside the room.

Solar water heaters often use panels for heating water. They are relatively straightforward to build and are uncomplicated in terms of technology. Basically, a pump circulates water that dribbles over the surface of the panel through a pipe that travels through a lagged water tank that contains the warm water for use by the household.

More advanced systems utilize vacuum tubes that collect solar energy and conduct this as heat to water which is circulated in a similar way as with solar panels. The vacuum prevents loss of the collected heat through convection, making these tubes more efficient and smaller than the equivalent flat panel.

Finally, a curved mirror may be used to direct the solar energy over a large area onto a smaller surface such as a water pipe. But this entails tracking of the sun as the earth revolves to keep the light focussed.

To make efficient use of solar energy, the design of the building really needs to lend itself to efficient climate control. This involves orientation of windows and walls, planning of the living areas and climate control systems.

You can read more about solar energy and alternative energy at SolarWindBuilder.com

Technorati Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Solar Air Conditioning: What Exactly Is This In Any Case?

April 28th, 2010

What ‘solar cooling’ confident could be seen as any contradiction, yet it’s actually nonetheless true the same solar panel technology to provide warm within winter weather could also give many air conditioning during the summer time many weeks.

There are many unaggressive cooling systems designed and tested in recent years. These people functionality pretty simply—there can be a coolant that soaks in temperature after which it dispels that outside the house. Also any normal water fish tank or even water-contained trough on the top can represent a coolant, taking in warmth from your house and then dissipating that whilst it automatically evaporates below the sun.

Apart from these basic procedures, additionally, there are some passive solar a / c techniques which can be more stylish along with a little more complicated. They have got the solar collector that stays shaded with the day time. And the storage space medium inside gathers the many heat during day time to release it later immediately after sundown. In the evening, the colour tone on the solar collector is actually taken out to be able to bring this inside primary connection with the neat evening atmosphere and thus permitting this in order to eliminate the actual gathered warmth.

Pertaining to shade providing the particular solar collector, a retractile sunblind might be set up or a long-term tone might be hung above. As that set up is not that permanent and can switch to only the opposite in the winter period, it is crucial that you just keep the tone in a way that will help you for you to expose the particular collector quickly for you to sunlight whenever necessary. Solar energy facts can be found by searching for used solar panels .

Regarding operating the conventional surroundings conditioners, solar power panels may be 1 fine choice. Because you probably know, days once the warm continues to be the best, will be the best instances for producing electrical power in electricity cells. Consequently if you are using solar panels in order to yield ample electricity, you should use your hvac absolutely 100 % free.

Another hugely possible alternative can be pv air conditioning which usually will not be based upon technologies. Record holds the idea that this Romans have an excellent method of utilizing working mineral water for cooling the particular rooms of these properties. Since you can suppose, the water evaporates below the sun, therefore dissipating warm along with soothing your inside temperatures. This exact same arrangement may be offered your house—on the walls and in many cases in rooftops.

For you to virtually all families, air conditioning along with heating are two major concerns inside their every year charges. For this reason the usage of solar energy to each warmth and neat the house will surely help your financial allowance breathe and will always be environmental also. It will always be a positive move to end making use of fossil fuels regarding heat along with chilling, because these are deterrent to your clean and healthful atmosphere.

Shortcut to useful advice in the sphere of Green Card Lottery – please go through this page. The times have come when proper information is truly within one click, use this opportunity.

Technorati Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Solar Power For Homes – Another Way To Save On Electricity

April 23rd, 2010

Solar power for homes needs to be understood as another way to save money, increase the value of your house and have free electricity for years. Solar power for your home is another way to go green and take part in global warming solutions. Having stated the benefits of solar power perhaps it would be wise to first explain what solar power is to appreciate the benefits that come with solar power systems for homes.

There are basically 2 types of solar power systems for homes – Solar Photovoltaics (PV) for producing electricity and Solar Thermal for heating. Let us look at each;

Solar Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics, or PV as it is normally shortened, is defined as conversion of light energy to electricity by semi conducting materials like silicon through a photoelectric effect process. Another way to understand this word is to look at its origins. Photovoltaic is divided into two parts – photo and volt. Photo comes from a Greek word phos meaning light and volt is a unit measurement of electricity named after Alessandro Volta (1745-827), one of the pioneers in the study of electricity. So basically photovoltaics is light (photo) electricity (volta) – light electricity. The production of this type of electricity is performed by a solar panel using interconnected solar cells. So one might ask, what does this mean to you if you want solar power for your home? This is just to give a basic understating of what solar electricity is, like you’d be interested in knowing the history of your country. However there are tremendous benefits to this light electricity as you will see below, but let us first define solar heating!

Solar Thermal

Solar thermal is defined as use of direct heat from the sun to heat water for the home or air for air-conditioning. Advanced systems may use a transfer fluid to move heat to a water storage tank or air conditioner for warming or heating the house. A solar thermal system will normally have a solar collector to absorb heat energy from the sun and transfer it to the medium to be heated. This medium can be water for swimming pool, bathing or household use, or it can be space (air) or it can be a fluid that has better heat absorbing qualities or better heat dispersing qualities other than water and air!

We have now covered the basics of Solar Photovoltaics and Solar Thermal as solar power systems for homes. Now let us quickly look at the benefits of these systems.

First and foremost solar power for homes is cost effective in the long run. Why? Because the cost of energy produced by solar systems continue to drop rather than rising like the current electricity supply utilities. However at present electricity-unit-cost for electricity-unit-cost a solar system is generally more expensive than electricity from your local utility. This may be a bit tricky if you consider upfront costs for installation of solar power for home use or using your local grid. Obviously your local grid will cost far less than a solar system installation. But if you were to look back 5 years after installation, long term, a solar system would by far surpass the local utility usage. In most cases a solar system will payback itself within 5 years and thereafter the power is free to you – no monthly bills!

Secondly and in conclusion solar power for the home will operate unattended and requires minimal maintenance, the system can be designed for future expansion when the pocket allows, and a solar power system for home use burns less natural gas, creates no pollution and generates no waste when operating . It does not pollute the atmosphere with the carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and other air pollutants that are produced by the power plants.

Are you interested in getting aware of |earth4energy review|? Dig out the true review of |earth4energy review| AT |earth4energy review|

Technorati Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Solar Powered Battery Chargers – Free Power From Heaven

April 23rd, 2010

With the rising price of fuel costs, the solar panel charger, and other solar power accessories, such as lights, batteries etc. have become increasingly popular. Basically Solar panel chargers work on the principle of collecting readily available sunlight and converting it into electricity. Solar power is a versatile source of renewable energy and it can be used in a varied number of applications, such as providing power for anything from cars and boats to homes and caravans.

The Solar power charge is collected uses photovoltaic solar panels. A solar panel charger is made up of panels each consisting of solar modules. These in themselves contain solar collector cells.

The Solar battery chargers are commonly used for outdoor lighting; they can provide all the luxuries of home while traveling; they will take a lot of the hardships out of your camping and hiking, and can provide much needed assistance during an emergency. They can also be used to supply the power for larger items such as small cars and handicap scooters etc.

Solar power can be used in a number of different situations such as in street lighting, keeping your business sign flashing, or small night lights to show the way in the home and garden. As well as the common necessities, the power generated by these solar panel chargers can be used for other resources, for instance, to supply the power needed for lighting and heat in homes, business, factories and schools.

A solar panel charger is extra convenient because all you need to run it is a period of direct sunlight on the panels. This makes a solar panel charger a must have portable source of electrical power. Solar chargers are indispensable in areas and situations where there is limited, or, even worse, no access to mains electricity; situations such as being out in the bush, working on a farm or ranch or even taking time off and relaxing on the beach.

Solar Power is more suited to RVs which use direct current (DC Power); this is the same type of power that is generated by the solar panel charger.
When the energy generated by the solar charging panel has to be used in circumstances calling for alternating current (AC Power), such as in your home, then a slight loss in energy is suffered as a consequence.

The first instance of solar power being tested and used was at The Natural Bridges Monument in the February of 1980, but it was not until May of that year when the whole system came into operation.

What does the future hold for Solar Panel charger power? Well for a start, solar power has great expectations for providing all of our energy needs and also solves some of the problems associated with the greenhouse emission gasses.

Some of the plans in consideration involves the use of solar panel arrays, about a kilometre in size, orbiting in space, beaming their power down to earth to be picked up by a number of ground based antennas, where the solar energy would be converted into usable electricity.

Are you interested in getting aware of |earth4energy review|? Dig out the true review of |earth4energy review| AT |earth4energy review|

Technorati Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Solar Pool Heaters – Taking Your Backyard Recreation Off-Grid

February 11th, 2010

In 2001, data collected by the U.S. Energy Information Administration indicated that heaters used in hot tubs, spas, and pools accounted for approximately 2,300 kWh of electrical use per household annually. That added up to a combined 7.6 billion kWh in the approximately 3.3 million households where the units were present. At the current national average cost of electricity ($.12 per kWh), that’s about $276 per year, per household. Since it’s safe to assume that the number of hot tubs, spas, and pools in the country has increased over the last decade, that’s a staggering amount of dollars and power going toward heating water.

Solar pool heaters, which are easily priced competitive with gas and heat pump units, can substantially reduce energy use in this area while lowering power bills and offering fewer maintenance issues. Unlike the photovoltaic cells with which most consumers are familiar, solar pool heaters use a thermal solar configuration. Basically, water from the pool passes through a filter to remove debris before circulating through a solar collector where heating occurs. A pump circulates the water, which is diverted back to the pool itself with a manual or automatic flow-control valve. The most sophisticated units include temperature sensing devices that only circulate the water when heating to maintain a pre-determined temperature is required.

These solar systems come in either glazed or unglazed models. Unglazed units work best in regions where the temperature stays above freezing. They consist of heavy-duty rubber or plastic tubing treated with chemicals to withstand ultraviolet light. Glazed systems are protected by an iron-tempered glass covering and are made of copper tubing mounted on an aluminum plate. Equipped with heat exchangers and transfer fluids, these systems capture heat more efficiently during cold weather, but can also be used year round in most climates. They are more expensive, but can also be adapted for domestic water heating. (Note that both types of systems should include freeze protection in given regions.)

Estimated cost of the components and their installation is $3,000 to $4,000 with an expected payback on the investment in 1.5 to 7 years depending on location and annual electrical rates. The systems are largely maintenance free. Washing to maximize heat penetration is recommended and homeowners should consider the caveat that any pump or pipe can become clogged by debris if the system’s filter is breached.

Homeowners interested in solar pool heaters should evaluate their site to ensure that a collector can be placed at the correct angle relative to their longitude and latitude to receive optimum sun. Most likely working in concert with a professional, determine how large the collector should be and investigate relevant local building codes and homeowner’s association covenants before proceeding. The estimated operational life for a solar pool heater is 10 to 20 years, offering an excellent long-term return on the investment in both material costs and annual energy savings.

Is earth4energy scam? Find out the true |earth4energy review| on http://www.squidoo.com/earth4energyscamrevealed. Best |earth4energy review| available on the internet. Click here to find more about |earth4energy review|

Technorati Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Solar Water Heaters: Saving Your Money Using A Solar Water Heater At Home

February 8th, 2010

Solar water heaters or, as they are likewise named, solar domestic hot water devices, can easily be a cost effective way to produce hot water in your house. They have the ability to be made use of with virtually any climate, plus the fuel that they use – sunshine – is 100% free.

The prospective benefits might possibly break down your resistance to the idea of making the investment in a solar water heating system that’s a component of building an environmentally friendly residence, along with other more traditional means of reducing energy costs.

What They are Made Of

Sunshine powered water heating systems consist of storage tanks coupled with solar collectors. There are a couple sorts of these heating devices: active – which include circulating controls and pumps – as well as passive heating systems, that do not.

Passive heating devices are generally less costly than active systems, though they’re commonly not as economical. Still, passive systems may well end up being more reliable and may well last longer. Regarding active devices, you ought to talk over the upkeep requirements together with your system supplier and check with the system’s owner’s manual.

Heading Down the Tank

Nearly all water heaters which operate on sun power need an insulated storage tank. Solar storage tanks include an extra electric outlet and inlet connected to and from the collector. In 2-tank designs, the solar heat tank warms up water just before it goes in the standard water heater. In single-tank designs, the backup heater is joined with the solar storage in one tank.

Electrical Power While the Sun Isn’t Available

Solar water heating systems nearly always demand a backup device for cloudy days and periods of greater need. Traditional storage water heaters normally provide backup and may possibly already be a component of the solar heating package.

A backup system might also be an element of the solar collector, like rooftop tanks with thermosyphon models. Since an integral-collector storage system already keeps hot water as well as collecting solar heat, it might possibly be tied in with a backup water heater.

Up Front Issues to Consider

Prior to when you purchase and install a solar driven water heating system, you need to consider the immediate and ongoing expenses of solar energy devices, examine your site’s solar resource, establish the correct system measurements and power efficiency, and then read your local requirements and polices.

The correct assembly ?s dependent upon your solar resources, climate, community building code standards along with safety concerns. It is advisable to get a qualified, solar thermal systems service provider install your system.

Normal upkeep on simple devices can end up being as sporadic as each 3–5 years, and if at all possible completed by a solar service provider. Systems having electrical components normally require a replacement part after a decade.

The Payback

While you can find limited complications with existing solar water systems, the technological innovation is quickly becoming even better. For a customer, these systems are a wise commitment because they will pay for themselves in a brief amount of time, therefore trimming back on your power bills.

Moreover, several governments provide rebates to consumers who invest in environmentally friendly solar energy systems. While saving money with solar power and other measures to reduce energy costs, you are able to additionally be environmentally friendly simply by decreasing your dependence on fossil fuels.

Obtain helpful info in the sphere of internet marketing – study the webpage. The time has come when proper information is really only one click of your mouse, use this chance.

Technorati Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Discover About Renewable Energy System

January 19th, 2010

It is feasible to produce electricity by making the best possible use of natural resources. Most renewable energy resources are obtained from the sun and solar radiation, like energy for heating and electricity, as well as indirect forms of solar energy such as energy from the wind and waves, and geothermal energy that comes from the heat generated inside the earth.

A renewable energy system is a specific technology that has been designed to make use of these continually replenished resources. There are presently some really good systems available. But there are still technologies that need further research and development so that they can replace a substantial proportion of fossil fuel consumption, and thus reduce the overall environmental damages from the use of such fuels and current energy sources.

The power from the sun can be turned into energy directly using a renewable energy system. There are a number of technologies available at this point of time, but not many people are high on the uptake of these technologies. One example of renewable energy system is a solar technology called `solar collectors`. These are what are known as active solar heating, where a solar collector is installed on the roof of a building and collects solar radiation, and produces heat at temperatures usually under 100ºC.

What is usually the case is that people use this renewable energy system for hot water to supply their home for heating up swimming pool and showering. There are a number of energy companies that deal in clean energy who will supply a solar collector for you at a charge, or if you are good with your hands and consider yourself to be a bit of a `handyman’, you can build the technology on your own using materials that you can buy at your local hardware store.

Solar collectors are a very simple renewable energy system. One of the better technologies that make use of the power of the sun’s rays is a solar thermal engine. These follow the same idea as the solar collectors discussed above but the technology is much more developed and thereby much more effective. This renewable energy system uses active solar heating at very high temperatures in order to propel steam to turbines, in order to generate high amount of electricity.

There are a number of renewable energy systems that make use of passive solar heating and this is really crucial as it reduces the energy required for heating a home/area. For example, from a very young age we are told to always open the blinds to let the sunlight in and close them at night just before dusk and before it gets dark. This is common sense, but many people are unaware of the importance of such practices.

A renewable energy system that uses passive solar heating is one of the best ways to take advantage of the consistent energy available from the sun and it is free. There are a lot of building companies that specialize in designing low energy building, that allow your house to maximize the use of passive solar heating. In order to cut down heat demand, homes are designed in such a manner so that the windows allow lots of sunshine in and this is especially important during the winter. Households must also be well insulated and windows double-glazed to keep the home warm in the winter without the need of high levels of electricity. Discuss with your local energy company and building company about what you could possibly do to create a renewable energy system that uses passive solar heating.

Find out how you can make use of renewable energy from our renewable energy website.

Read important things to know about the topic of internet marketing – make sure to read this publication. The times have come when proper information is truly only one click of your mouse, use this chance.

Technorati Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Solar Energy Is Pollution Free

January 18th, 2010

Solar energy is often employed in residential homes to heat water. This can be an easy application, as the specified end result (hot water) is the storage facility. Solar energy is also relatively weak as a result of it must first labor under the atmosphere, that protects the Earth from the sun’s intensity. As such, the intermittent and variable manner in that solar energy arrives on the Earth’s surface suggests that it creates reliability problems. Solar energy is produced at the core of the sun by nuclear fusion. This energy is then radiated to the convection zone, where mixing transfers the energy to the photosphere.

Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. A photovoltaic cell, commonly called a solar cell or PV, is the technology used to convert solar energy directly into electrical power. Photovoltaic solar energy is created when the sun’s energy, in the shape of photons, strikes a photovoltaic cell and is transmitted to electrons among the semiconductor material in the PV cell, inflicting an electrical current. Every photovoltaic cell generates only a tiny quantity of energy, therefore several cells are grouped together into a module; then several modules are combined to make a solar panel. Photovoltaic energy systems price a median of $12,000 to $18,000 per kilowatt, in keeping with data from Solar Services Inc. The value goes down per kilowatt installed.

Solar energy is an easy source of renewable energy to harness for home use. There are many residential solar power systems of various sizes that absorb and store totally different levels of energy. Solar energy is derived ultimately from the sun. It will be divided into direct and indirect categories. Solar energy is also often used to heat water (a solar collector is mounted in direct daylight, that warms a heat transfer fluid, that in turn heats the water in your hot water tank).

Solar energy is the energy force that sustains life on the world for all plants, animals, and people. The world receives this radiant energy from the sun in the form of electromagnetic waves, that the sun continually emits into space. Solar energy is produced by solar cells, that also are called photovoltaic devices. The cells are flat structures that absorb the solar energy in sunlight to provide electrical energy. Solar energy is the technology used to harness the sun’s energy and make it useable. Nowadays, the technology produces but one tenth of one % of global energy demand.

Solar energy is inexhaustible and nonpolluting, however converting solar radiation to electricity isn’t nonetheless commercially competitive, as a result of of the high cost of producing massive-scale solar cell arrays and therefore the inherent inefficiency in changing light to electricity. Solar energy is a highly reliable and proven technology for manufacturing clean energy at your home. A sensible quality professionally put in solar PV system is seemingly to outlast the rest of your home. Solar energy is on the increase, and new developments can hopefully keep going down so as to make this energy form as efficient and value effective as possible. Take the importance of fresh, renewable energy into consideration as you head to the polls this year.

Solar energy is price effective in terms of fuel (as a result of no fuel is required) and its price wouldn’t be laid low with the provision and demand of fuels. Solar energy is additionally pollution free.

To learn how to magniwork, visit this site: energy 2 green review. Learn the secrets to getting your ex back into your arms…. Go to magniwork review today!

Technorati Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,